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Building software goes beyond to only writing the required code and making it live, it involves collecting and keeping track of metrics of that said software. This data is used to keep a history of its performance and to define a baseline we can refer to when releasing new versions, it’s an indicator that tells us how a new version compares to a previous one.
It helps answer the question: Did the new version make things better or worse?.
Those metrics involve the well-known ones that usually refer to web services like latency and requests per minute but also include those that apply to the actual code.
In this post I will cover one specifically to measuring code: Coupling.
What is Coupling?
In the context of software packages, coupling
:
… indicates the degree of interdependence between software modules.
This definition is attributed to Robert Martin in a book he published in 2002 called Agile Software Development. The book also includes a mathematical formula to calculate the instability of a package:
Which reads as:
… instability can be calculated as the ratio of Efferent Coupling to Total Coupling.
Where Total Coupling is the sum of Efferent Coupling (Ce) and Afferent Coupling (Ca).
Let’s describe both types of couplings.
What is Efferent Coupling?
It refers to Outgoing Dependencies: the amount of dependencies a package has with relation to other packages, for example a package A depends on B, C, D and E.
What is Afferent Coupling?
It refers to Incoming Dependencies: the amount of dependencies other packages have in relation to another one, for example a package B, C, D and E depend on A.
Measuring Instability in Go
If we humanize the variables a bit more, the formula above can be read as the following:
The ratio of Outgoing Dependencies to the sum of both Outgoing Dependencies and Incoming Dependencies.
The result of this calculation determines how stable or unstable a package is:
- The closer it is to 0 indicates a stable package, and
- The closer it is to 1 indicates an unstable package.
Rephrasing the above results means that Instability indicates the amount of work required to make a change to a particular package, how much effort will be required when modifying existing code.
The code used for this post is available on Github.
In Go the tool I’ve used for creating a report of coupling details is spm-go
, this tool allows you to generate reports for things like Instability and Dependencies.
To install spm-go
you can use (in Go 1.16 or higher):
go install github.com/fdaines/spm-go@v0.11.1
If you use Go 1.15 or lower you can refer to the tools.go
paradigm so you can track it part of your go.mod
dependencies.
As an example we can use our To-Do Microservice Project which I’ve used in the past, running the following command:
spm-go instability --html
Will generate an output similar to:
That allows us to clearly see the total instability for each package included in our project.
If you notice internal
in this case is considered stable, this is because internal
represents our domain types and all other packages depend on it; making changes to an stable package is more difficult because of that, breaking API for example will require more effort.
On the other side a package like main
(in cmd/cli
) is consider unstable, this is because this package is literally connecting all the dots from other packages, making changes to this package is easier because no other package depends on it, so we have the freedom to refactor and make changes as we see fit.
Conclusion
Measuring Instability looks like an overkill but really the goal of doing it is to determine how easy or difficult making a change could be. Determining the package’s instability allows us to provide a better estimate when thinking about improvements, it may sound overcomplicated but the goal is clear: to help us identify problematic packages that can make future changes more difficult.
Recommended reading
If you’re looking to sink your teeth into more Software Architecture-related topics I recommend the following books:
- Agile Software Development, Principles, Patterns, and Practices
- Building Evolutionary Architectures: Support Constant Change
- Hands-On Software Architecture with Golang